Reflections On Project 1

After 3 meetings in the last week and half of our pitch on Monday; I'm feeling confident.

Beforehand, I had my doubts that we were going to be prepared because of group members being absent or busy, etc. but now that we've all talked together (even though it was by phone) and discussed the plan for this weekend, I really think that we can pull it off.

The current plan to shoot location reccies on Friday at 10AM is good idea although I do think we should split up into two pairs. This way, we get more done faster than as a whole group and we can give each other ideas for things to shoot.

I have a few doubts about our actor shoot on Saturday because actors may not be too prompt or reliable although I’m remaining optimistic.

As for our presentation of our treatment on Monday, I think that it will go well if we can do our designated tasks on the weekend and compile it on Monday at lunchtime or in a study period.

Possible Band Names

After thinking about the upcoming treatment, I realised that our band doesn't have a name. Consequently, I came up with a few ideas for potential band names and made some draft logos:

The Wires

Cracked Headphones

Anderer Alternativ (German for 'Another Alternative')

Musichaters

In Glend (quirky spelling of England)

No Inclination

Marketing Case Study - Weezer

The point of a marketing campaign for an artist to generally maximise their income potential. This is because it creates an awareness of the artist / record label; helps to sell tracks, tickets and merchandise in general; to create the artist's brand identity; and gives audiences a preview of the band so that they want to buy into the band.

As Weezer is a signed and popular band, I believe there are 3 main sources of income that they get to fund their marketing campaigns:

1. Epitaph Records: their record label should give them large advances based on their popularity and therefore, their income potential which should be boosted by a marketing campaign.
2. The Memories Tour and other live performances: since the rise in streaming and downloading music for free; there has been a decline in track sales; consequently a larger percentage of income has come from ticket sales from fans who would rather pay for that than an album.
3. Endorsement: in most photographs I found of the band, I discovered that they get given customised instruments (such as the one pictured above) to play. Additionally, they have formed partnerships with other companies such as YouTube (where they post their videos) and Bravado (who creates their merchandise).

As a modern band, their current marketing campaign wouldn't have been possible 10 years ago:

• The band has the usual features of a modern music marketing campaign; music videos, album cover, website, updates on social networking sites, radio play (on BBC 6 Music), merchandise, live performances, reviews, etc.
• What makes Weezer's marketing campaign unique is their "YouTube Invasion". Recently, they worked with 15 different popular YouTube videomakers to create 15 videos featuring the original artist and the band.
• Below is just one of their collaborations, this one with "The Key Of Awesome"; a 'show' that produces comedic music videos weekly.
• This campaign allows the band to have a good marketing mix: they reach a large international audience but also narrowcast to fans of those paticular shows.

Clearly, their genre of music and target audience is very relevant here. As an alternative rock band, they have a large audience of 13-24 year olds. As this audience frequently uses the internet for various reasons, they have a lot of online marketing such as internet adverts, the "YouTube invasion" and the media on the website. As an alternative band, a lot of their marketing has also been quirky, especially when you consider their album cover design:

Jorge Garcia (AKA Hurley from "Lost") is the main image on the album cover, "Hurley"

To see the website case study for Weezer, click here.

Website Case Study - Weezer

On September 14th, Weezer released there latest album, "Hurley".

There are currently under the Epitaph Records label. They are an independent record label who are currently behind artists such as Alkaline Trio, Off with Their Heads and New Found Glory. This shows that Weezer is with a record label that works specifically with pop punk / alternative rock artists which both reflect their genre of music but also creates opportunities for them to collaborate together.

The website benefits the band in several ways but the five most important ways are:

• It raises awareness of Weezer and "Hurley"
• It promotes the band's upcoming tour and other live performances.
• It constructs the artist's brand identity.
• It appeals to the target audience.
• It provides a platform for them to sell their music and more.

On the website, there are many signifiers concerning the way in which Weezer brands themselves. As they are an alternative rock band, they have gone against the convention of showing themselves, the main imagery is that of Jorge Garcia (Hurley from "Lost"). The band is also trying to brand themselves as being very friendly by showing fun candid shots of themselves and allowing their target audience to engage with them and other fans on a higher level.

 

From four different sources, I believe I can say who is Weezer's target audience:

• Google Trends - The USA and Canada are looking up Weezer the most which suggests they have more fans in those regions.
• YouTube - From the official video for "Memories" from "Hurley", it confirms that they are targeting an North American / Canadian audience (see below - darker regions are more popular). Additionally, it shows that their audience is mixed gender although mostly male and that they are popular with 13-24 year olds.
• Social Networking Sites - From looking at the band's Facebook likers, Twitter followers and Myspace friends, I see that this confirms what I thought about their audience's age and nationality although it seems there seems to be more gender balance here.
• Members of Weezer.com - Here, I see that their target audience is definitely composed of 13-24 year olds however they seem to be a lot more popular in America than Canada. This may be because they are only touring in the USA right now.

Where to people who watch "Memories" come from, where darker areas indicate more popularity.

To appeal to their young target audience, they do many small things but the main thing is that they allow the audience to interact in these 8 particular ways.

• The website actively encourages that fans sign-up (banner at top says "Sign Up" / "Sign In"; banners on the side of the page say the same;
• People who sign up can create their own page with status updates, information, etc.
• Additionally, they can communicate with other fans through the website's forum or use the chat option to talk to people in real time.
• Anybody signed up can upload pictures or videos relating to Weezer (taken at concerts, fan art, themselves wearing the band's merchandise, etc.)
• Visitors of the site can add the band on Twitter, Facebook, Myspace, YouTube or through RSS feed. Also, all of the band members have a Twitter or Myspace.
• Anybody who visits the site can listen to their latest single and watch videos / view pictures.
• Anybody can buy tickets for the band's tours, performances, festivals, etc.
• They can buy merchandise from the site's store such as the usual t-shirts, CDs and posters but one unique thing to Weezer is that you can buy a Snuggie because of the popularity these received on the internet (around about the same time they had a success with their viral hit, "Pork and Beans")

The Weezer Snuggie

Besides the methods previously mentioned, the band and album are marketed with adverts such as the large banner across the top of the page and a few on the sides; people can embed badges (see below) into blogs, signatures, etc.

Visit Weezer

Apart from the artist and their products not much else is being publicised on the website. A few exceptions are:

• The band's "unofficial fifth member" / their webmaster, Karl Koch
• The venues of their performances
• Other similar artists on the embeddable 'radio' (see below)

In terms of reaching their target audience, many things are important however, the top NUMBER are:

1. The internet. Not just because of their website, but also through social networking sites that their audience uses and the fact that they gathered a significant internet following after their single "Pork and Beans" went viral on YouTube.
2. The charts. Based on information on Google Trends, they were most popular in the second quarter of 2005. This is because of their album, "Make Believe" which peaked at #2 in the USA and #1 in Canada.
3. Other artists. By looking up information about other similar artists such as The All-American Rejects, Deftones and Dashboard Confessional, I have found that they all cite Weezer as an influence to their music. Additionally, Weezer has has live performances with many popular artists in the past including Blink-182, Klaxons and Foo-Fighters.
4. Music television. Although I think that this is due to Spike Jonze's popularity, Weezer has had several music videos with a lot of play on music television channels (even today). These include "Buddy Holly", "Undone - The Sweater Song" and "Island in the Sun".

To see the marketing case study for Weezer, click here.

Directorial Style - Michel Gondry

One of my favourite directors, even before I started this project has been Michel Gondry. After watching most of his music videos, I have chosen six very different videos that I both really like and think epitomise his style.

From left to right, top to bottom, these are music videos for:

"Mad World" - Gary Jules

"Let Forever Be" - The Chemical Brothers

"Walkie Talkie Man" - Steriogram

"Knives Out" - Radiohead

"The Hardest Button to Button" - The White Stripes

"Around the World" - Daft Punk

From watching these and more videos from Gondry, I believe I have found some similarities that create his overall directorial style.

• Use of stop-motion, often with live-action people.
• Movements and editing put heavy emphasis on the beat of the music as opposed to the lyrics.
• Videos based around a surreal concept and sometimes performance.
• Very abstract use of mise en scène.
• Fond of long takes.
• Frequently set in familiar locations but with an unusual twist.
• Often manipulates time in editing.
• Usually require a lot of choreography and planning.

In our project, I would really like to incorporate some similar elements although I appreciate that we can't recreate any of his work.

Stop-Motion Test Shoot

Because one of my ideas for a music video for the track "One Week" is rather complicated, I think that it would be a good idea to test it out to see if it is possible to incorporate it into the music video. Here is my tutorial for shooting stop-motion animation with photographs.

1. Film the subject of the stop-motion. From experience, I know that this should be done at a higher shutter speed than normal (in my case, 60 fps) to reduce motion blur in the next stage.
2. Take stills from every Nth frame in the video. N can be worked out by using N=F/(P/2) where F is the Frames per second that the action was filmed at (60) and P is the Project's frame rate (24).
3. Print off the stills. For every second of stop-motion you want, print off P/2 stills (12).
4. Take two photographs of each still. Each pair of photographs should be as identical as possible, this is just done as opposed to slowing down the video so that it looks smoother.
5. Edit the photographs together. In the project, each photograph should only be shown for one frame. In theory, this should create a stop-motion animation with photographs without too much effort.

Partially following the tutorial above, I found three ways to do stop-motion animation with varying success. Below is a video made up of 4 short videos:

1. The original unedited footage of the drum I used to test this out.
2. Test with printed out stills of that footage photographed whilst moving the camera in to transition back into the original footage.
3. Test with printed out stills again but not moving the camera as much and not making the original footage cover the whole screen.
4. Test by taking stills from the original footage and showing them for more than one frame in editing.

In making these test videos, I have learnt several things to do if we do decide to use stop-motion in our project:

• When I imported the original footage into the project it fixed the frame rate for me so I just had to print off every other still.
• Printing off stills and taking photographs of those makes this project longer and more expensive as we would have to get them printed in high quality (for at least 9p each).
• It is a lot easier to take photographs and add those directly to the timeline or to edit high speed footage so that it looks like stop-motion.
• If photographs are going to be used, they should be taken with a good camera, if focus or exposure changes, it will be very obvious.
• There should not be very much movement between two frames of stop-motion; if the action and the camera both move, it will look very shaky and bad.

My Group

Yesterday, we got put into our groups for Media!

I'm very pleased with my group of Claire, Kerry and Wanda; from experience I know that Kerry is great to work with and having heard some of Claire and Wanda's music I think that our genre tastes are rather similar so I think that we're going to make a good team.

Vernallis Analysis - Daft Punk Is Playing At My House

Daft Punk Is Playing At My House - LCD Soundsystem

This music video applies very well to all four aspects of Carol Vernallis' theory.

Narrative

The narrative is very fragmented, by what I can gather, the narrative is that there is a very good DJ (not necessarily Daft Punk) performing for a party at somebody's house. This video is also very fragmented as it keeps changing location between the city streets and the house. Also, this video utilises a lot of interesting visual effects like stop motion and slow shutter speeds to create more distortion of narrative.

What drives the video forward is the music and the performance of the artist / host of the party, the partygoers and the 'traffic light people' act around the music (see Diegesis for more detail). The video's ending doesn't really resolve itself. All we know is that the party is now over, the 'traffic light people' take the
host outside and then it ends.

This one music video poses a lot of questions that it doesn't even begin to answer, including:

• Who are the 'traffic light people'?
• What is happening at the party?
• Why does the host keep going out into the city?

What this video does, is use a montage style to get across the theme of having an exciting time at a party but specifically 'Daft Punk music videos'. This is done by using surreal costumes and themes but also an editing style similar to that used by Spike Jonze and music videos in general.

Editing

In this music video, most of the editing is done to match the music. The actual cuts between set-ups are matched to the lyrics. Although this may fall under Camera, a lot of the camera movements have been sped up to match the beat of the music. Additionally, a lot of the stop-motion with the 'traffic light people' also matches the music in the same way as the lights on the mixing desk.

Although a lot of music videos have obvious editing because of their lack of continuity, this one in paticular foregrounds the editing by using a range of visual effects such as stop-motion, speeding up footage and adding motion blur.

As mentioned before, this video breaks many of the rules of continuity:

• There are many jump cuts that break the 30 degree rule.
• Occasionally, there are cuts in the middle of lyrics.
• Extreme jumps in space are common in this video.
• Transitions are not smooth.
• Extreme shots are juxtaposed.

Camera

For this paticular aspect, Vernallis' theory is very applicable in three ways:

  1. Extreme close-ups and master shots are both common in the video.

  2. The camera moves in time with the music throughout the video. For example, at the beginning, the camera pans across a city, stopping on the beat.

  3. The fast-paced and rough style of movement is distinctive to this video.

Diegesis

The world of the music video is revealed relatively slowly by showing various shots taken around an urban environment. Actions are very broken up by the blurry camera-work but they are also interrupted by cutting to other actions. Most movements of the people in the video are done to the music, especially those of the 'traffic light people'.

As previously mentioned, there are frequent jumps in space and time which create gaps in the audience's understanding. For example, the beginning jumps from the mixing desk inside the house to a city street at night to a set of traffic lights back to the city street to a building under construction to the traffic lights again and so on.

Some frames are emphasised by the movement stopping whilst the ones around it are blurry, e.g. when the party guests stop dancing. Throughout the video, there are repititions of the beat, lyrics and performance but more unique to this video, the colours of red, yellow and green are repeated.

Goodwin Analysis - Never Miss A Beat

Never Miss A Beat - Kaiser Chiefs

Video directed by Goodtimes

This music video from the Kaiser Chiefs uses a track of indie-rock genre as shown by:

• Band wearing ordinary clothes
• Filmed on location as opposed to a studio
• Extras don't appear to wearing costumes (besides masks)
• Overall production value looks low
• The way the band performs the song

For the most part, the lyrics are amplified by the visuals. The song is generally about the anti-social gang culture of youths that was prevalent in the UK when the single was released in 2008 as in the chorus, "It's cool to know nothin'". The music video reflects this by showing seemingly anti-social behaviour of fictional gangs wearing matching masks and costumes (e.g. the "Eastside bird gang" who wear black capes and white bird masks as seen below). Furthermore, the chorus with the line, "...take a look / At the kids on the street / No they never miss a beat", the ending of the music video highly amplifies this as the various gangs perform a 'spontaneous' dance routine on a street, in time with the beat.

A few times in the video, the lyrics are illustrated by the visuals, for example:

• During the line, "Television's on the blink...", the visuals are of a malfunctioning television.
• At the beginning of the line, "Here comes the referee..." referring a to policeman, we see one on screen.

In the music video, most of the cuts are done to the beat, especially on each line of the lyrics. As the beat changes (during the chorus), the pace of the cuts changes accordingly to match the new beat.

Although no members of the Kaiser Chiefs have a solo in this song, when only the guitar and drums are playing, there are two short shots of them being played in rapid succession (see below).

I believe that the record company is trying to sell this track by appealing to a large audience with an almost tongue-in-cheek video. They are also trying to appeal to fans because the Kaiser Chiefs do not have too much presence in it and most people would probably not be aware of who they were unless they had heard their music before.

The band is being shown as being very proud of their British identity as they include certain distinctly British imagery such as:

• They perform in a pub
• There are several council estates in the video (in Thamesmead)
• The police officer is wearing a traditional British uniform

This video is like their other videos in that, they're all very different to each other. The only similarities I could find were the fact that it features the band and that they present themselves as an indie band (with ordinary clothing, etc.). Consequently, I think this represents a change in the band's image to more of a optimistic, feelgood style.

On several occasions, this music video makes references to looking, as in:

• In the video, many people watch the gangs as they run through the streets.
• There is a television screen which the band frequently watch in the first half of the video
• There is one part of the video with close-ups on the band members' eyes turning to look at something editing together very quickly.

This music video makes intertextual references to the news by having the lead singer on television as a presenter for the fictional "LS" news channel. This is because of themes raised in the lyrics about anti-social behaviour that was frequently discussed on the news in 2008.

This video is predominantly based around the narrative that various gangs are taking over the city however there are elements of performance at the end of the music video when the Kaiser Chiefs performing the last choruses and the gangs perform a dance routine.

Track Pitch to Group - One Week

One Week - Barenaked Ladies

I think that this would be a good song to make a music video to for six main reasons:

1. The rapid-fire delivery of the lyrics should challenge our new skills concerning performance / lip-syncing.
2. The range of topics mentioned in the lyrics should provoke some interesting ideas for the treatment as we can't really do a music video for this particular track literally.
3. The track did get to #1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and #5 in the UK Singles Chart but that was from 1998 so the song isn't nearly as mainstream anymore.
4. The track's genre is recognisable as rap, with a clear sub-genre of alternative rock.
5. As fans of the Barenaked Ladies have made music videos to this particular song, I doubt that copyright will be an issue.
6. There is nothing in the lyrics that makes this inappropriate for a school-based project.

Barenaked Ladies are a Canadian alternative rock band with an element of comedy in a lot of their music and videos. Since the success of their album "Stunt" in 1998 (which also had this track), they gained large audiences outside of Canada, in the USA and UK. The main audience for the band are Canadians who like alternative, geek or comedy rock artists such as Great Big Sea, Jonathon Coulton and The Arrogant Worms.
For the treatment, I have several ideas based around the idea of showing lyrics on screen in a similar to way to the 'music video' for Bob Dylan's "Subterranean Homesick Blues" and later videos (see above). The reason for this is because the song has a reputation for having lyrics that are random and consequently hard to remember. Some variations of this idea could be to:

• Hold up cards with individual words on it to form the lyrics when hold up in time with the music like in the music video "Subterranean Homesick Blues" pictured on the top.
• Lots of people holding up individual coloured squares of card to form letters (see below for example) like in the music video for "This Too Shall Pass" pictured in the middle.

• Editing together several videos together in a grid to make a mosaic that spells out letters or words like in MysteryGuitarMan's video for "Serfs Are On Their Way" pictured on the bottom.
• Another idea that I had was based around the delivery of the lyrics and how choppy the song sounds as a result. Having seen the "PEN Story" advert (see below) and having made a short film like this; I think it would be entirely possible to have elements of stop motion animation in the music video. One specific idea was to have band members hold up changing pictures of other members to transition between them. My tutorial on doing this and a test shoot / edit can be found here.

Track Pitch to Group - White Knuckles

White Knuckles - OK Go

There are several reasons that I chose this song as a potential track to make a music video for but the seven main reasons are:

1. I like the track because it's so unlike most music I've already heard and I like alternative music. Also, I really OK Go's music in general.
2. On 7 September, the band announced a contest to remix this track, as part of this, they released a collection of the components of the track (e.g. vocals, drums, guitar, etc.) which means it should be very easy to lip-sync to this track and edit it slightly if necessary.
3. As I confirmed with the band's publicity manager, copyright is not an issue at all since the album's record label, "Paracadute" is owned by the band.
4. The track is not very well known as it was not released as a single but instead was on the album, "Of The Blue Colour Of The Sky".
5. The genre is easily recognisable as alternative rock with sub genres of electronic and indie.
6. The lyrics are very unusual and interpretive e.g. "Cause nothin' ever doesn't change but nothin' changes much" which should inspire the group and force us to think creatively of how to make a music video that works with the track.
7. There is nothing in the lyrics that makes this inappropriate for a school project.

OK Go are an American alternative / indie-rock band. They are now known for making upbeat dance music and low budget, abstract and sometimes one-take music videos featuring themselves performing the track or dancing to it. Going from top to bottom, left to right, are screenshots from OK Go's latest music videos for "Do What You Want", "Invincible", "Here It Goes Again", "WTF?", "This Too Shall Pass" and "End Love" respectively.



Stills from "Do What You Want", "Invincible", "Here It Goes Again", "WTF", "This Too Shall Pass" and "End Love"

 OK Go's target audience is mainly made up of young adults who listen to indie pop / alternative rock bands such as The Fratellis, We Are Scientists and Vampire Weekend.

As for the treatment for this track, I have some vague ideas though nothing definite:

• From the lyrics of the song (specifically the chorus about "white knuckles"), perhaps the music video could be made using hands as a theme for displaying the lyrics perhaps or as a way to mime instruments or even using hand puppets.
• Inspired slightly by the music video for "Invincible", I think that we could show each band member in a corner of the screen singing or playing their instrument individually.
• Inspired by the music videos from OK Go's 2005 album, "Oh No", I would consider to use dance choreography as a major part of the video though not the one-take aspect.
• Based on the quirky, electronic echoing aspects of the music, I thought about something with a "spacey" feel by using slow motion with elements (like paint perhaps) being dropped to create a sense of weightlessness.



Ice being dropped into water, photographed at 1/1000 of a second



EDIT:

Due to the unforeseen circumstances of OK Go releasing a music video of their own for this track on September 20th, I don't think we should make a music video for this track because the track itself will probably get popular again and because our group may be tempted to copy elements from the music video.

Personal Music Consumption

Recently, I've been thinking about music consumption and specifically, how I consume music.

Typically, I listen to music either after school or during study periods as I think it helps me to block out distractions and focus. Occasionally, I also listen to music when I have to do something just to prevent boredom or to act as "background wallpaper".

As a somewhat introverted person, I don't go to clubs or gigs and listen to all of my music privately wherever I happen to be working.

Usually, I listen to music through Spotify or YouTube but if I can't I'll listen to the music on my MP3 player or (although I dislike most modern chart music) the radio.

Genre Signifiers - Dani California

The track "Dani California" by Red Hot Chilli Peppers plays around with the idea of genre signifiers by recreating iconic styles from previous decades. The following image is numbered 1 to 9, going from left to right, top to bottom based on when they appear in the music video.

1. Rockabilly: Appearance of poor quality black and white film. Large hair with sideburns. Wearing black and long white jackets, black trousers and black shoes. Large record and curtains make up set. Gyrating hips and bending knees in a similar way to Elvis.
2. British Invasion: Black and white film. Black drainpipe trousers. Narrow black tie. Mop-top hair styles. Thick-rimmed glasses. Formal suits. Very little controlled movement on the spot.
3. Psychedelic Rock: Rainbow colours and paisley designs on shirts. Colourful, swirly, trippy background. Coloured, corduroy trousers. Long curly hair. Use of electric guitars. Wearing fur.
4. 70s Funk: Large and bold glasses. Over-the-top costumes including fur jackets and metallic, embellished tops. Sparkling background and use of smoke. Use of UFO prop and space background. Kaleidoscopic visual effects.
5. Glam Rock: Very bright, colourful and outrageous costumes that shine / have glitter. Camp gestures and dancing. Heavy lipstick and eyeliner. Platform-soled boots. Bright colourful studio lights. Pink set background.
6. Punk Rock: Set seems very low budget (seemingly DIY). Union Jack hung up in background. Looks liked it's been filmed on poor quality tape (grainy, occasionally overexposed and black and white). Aggressive, in-your-face gestures. Very fast camera movements and editing. Use of tilt angles, jump cuts and soft focus.
7. Gothic Rock: Black costumes with metal spikes. White and black make-up. Black tattoos. Drums more in foreground for emphasis. Very dark studio with smoke to look like they're performing on stage. Long straightened / gelled down hair. Sharp-edged black guitar.
8. Glam Metal: Long dyed hair and hairbands. Uses similar lipstick and eyeliner to glam rock. More emphasis on playing drums and guitars. Spotlights on musicians. Skin-tight leather pants. Crop t-shirts and colourful scarves. Use of wide-angle lenses.
9. Grunge: Very slow handheld camera work. Dark open studio. Artistic, shallow depth of field. Looks like only candlelight. Seemingly low budget. Ordinary, non-designer clothing. Muted-colour tops and jeans. Slow gestures.

Album Cover Deconstruction - Off With Their Heads

This album cover mainly consists of imagery based around the design of fruit stickers.

• Front features the artist's name at the top in bold capital letters to draw attention to it first to appeal to fans of the band.
• Printed to look like it's on paper to make it seem of poorer quality for an indie look.
• Font is slightly 'destroyed' for the same effect.
• Main image is designed to be like a fruit sticker (see above) to remind audience of the past when these used to be placed on more fruit.
• Imagery of fruit stickers reflects the band's British identity.
• The back is still printed to look like paper and is seamless to the front because the spine has a similar design.
• The back is covered with fruit sticker inspired designs for each track on album. Each sticker has the track name, "Kaiser Chiefs" and the track number all integrated subtly.
• Designs are also printed to original size of stickers.
• Copyright details and bar code are located to the side so that audiences don't notice it immediately.
• Signed with British labels to anchor that they are a British band.
• Song titles mostly appeal to a male audience.
• Inside is covered with fruit sticker designs for reasons previously mentioned.

Summary Of Album Covers

The above picture is made up of 12 album covers that I own either physically or digitally. After looking at these (and a few more that wouldn't fit), I found a few similarities between them:

• Artist name on front cover has the largest presence
• Name of album on the front cover in most cases
• Some feature the artist on the front cover
• Little imagery on the front cover
• Simple backgrounds (often black or white)
• Front cover is either one photograph or a graphic
• Artist and album name on the spine
• Spine and back often attached together
• Back has list of tracks, sometimes with track numbers
• Barcode on back cover
• Institutional information on back cover e.g. record label, copyrights
• Websites of artist and record company on back cover
• They enable listeners of an artist's music to find their albums
• They appeal to fans of an artist
• They often have conventions of the album's music genre
• They attract people who may not be aware of an artist's work
• They enable people to describe an album e.g. Weezer has 3 albums called "Weezer" but fans refer to their specific albums by the colour of the covers
• They enable buyers to organise their music easily

Intertextuality - Pork and Beans

In 2008, American band Weezer released the single “Pork and Beans”.


The music video was hugely popular on the internet for because it was first released on YouTube and it features several instances of internet phenomena. In most instances, the band went to effort to work with the original internet celebrities but recreated many of locations as a set as one large set. (see below)

By using internet memes, this video appeals to an audience of teenagers and young adults who would have been able to recognise these references to specific viral videos such as "Dramatic Chipmunk" and "afro ninja".

I believe that the main reason for including these references is to bring in new audiences for the band as I believe the video was meant to become a viral success and with 20,000,000 views, I believe that it accomplished that goal.

What Music Means To Me

Didn't have choice over what music was played during childhood
Track was listened to by both parents
Still remember most of the track today

From first album I ever bought
Appeal of track's optimistic title and themes
First animated music video I saw

From the last album I downloaded
Artist and self both have insomnia (comes across in lyrics)
Song is a metaphor for loss of childlike wonder